Process for preparing food from oleaginous, protein-base, organic material



H. RCSENTHAL 2.247.851

PROCESS FOR PREPARING FOOD FROM OLEAGINOUS,

PROTEIN-BASE, ORGANIC MATERIAL v v Filed April 21, 1938 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 July 1, 1941.

VENTOR y 1, 1941- H. ROSENTHAL 2.247.851

PROCESS FOR PREPARING FOOD FROM OLEAGINQUS,

PROTEIN-BASE, ORGANIC MATERIAL Filed April 21, 1938 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIGURE 2 INVENTOR y 1, 1941- H.'ROSENTHAL 2.247.851

, PROCESS FOR PREPARING FOOD FROM OLEAGINOUS,

PROTEIN-BASE, ORGANIC MATERIAL .Filed April 21, 1938 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 FIYGU RE 5 A 4 v \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\m\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ FIGURE 3 'F\GURE 4' ENVENTOR after pressing and .-I..-prefer.touse H j the extractoriorthe page! the Patented July 1, 1941 s PATENT orr cs rnocnss FOR PREPARING FOOD FROM OLE- aomoos, rno'rnm-nasa, ORGANIC MA- TERIAL Henry Rosenthal, Yonkers, N. Y. Application April 21, 1938, Serial No. 203,328

3 Claims.

, My invention relates to a novel method of preparing protein foods by an extraction of organic material containing both fatty oil and protein, utilizing low boiling hydrocarbons such as butane and propane and similar materials as the extraction medium, with the production of fatty oiland the simultaneous production of a novel solvent free meal from which protein substance of high nitrogen content may be obtained by extracting the meal with water as a solvent.

My invention is a continuation-in-part of my copemling application, Serial No. 738,403, filed August 4, 1934, for Method and products of extracting animal oils, in which is claimed novel method of extraction for the recovery of fatty oils; and my copending application Serial No.

- 138,399, also filed August 4, 1934, for "011 treat-.

ing process" in which is claimed novel form of extractor; and my co-pending application Serial No. 738,400, also filed August 4, 1934, for Oil extraction in which is claimed a novel oil extraction process.

, In the above application, I describe my process I in connection with the production of oily products such as lard and lard oil from pork cracklings, with the simultaneous production of defatted protein residue, but I do not limit my invention foruse with pork cracklings as it may be equally well adapted to other similar products from other animals.

Lard is produced from pork in severalways, one

' of whichis known as the process of dry rendermg. In this processlthe pork scraps containing both meat andbone with portlonsof fat are de live'red to: a cylinder where they are subjected to a=heating operation in which the fat is ren dered liquid so that portions of it may be separated fror'n the'solid material by simple drainage.

During thisheating process, water contained in the chargeis largely evaporated and the "cracklingsf'resul'ting from the operation are a product containing approximately 10% or less of moisture,

from the heating operation, are delivered to a cage hydraulic press which squeezes out further and up to 40% of-fat. Cracklings, as discharged amounts of oil as a primary product and leavesthe crackllngs with usually over 10% and under 20% of oil when they are discharged'from the The solid material discharged front the peras-is then usually'ground and-sold as'chiclten press.

-. My method-uses as'its either the i crude cracklings befor'e'pressing jorthe'cracklingS therlatter,...asj

. tions of temperature condition and/or the method of handling the material during extraction is less complicated with it is with the-un- I can modify the form of exthe pressed materials than pressed. However,

tractor and/or the extraction operations so that the unpressed cracklings may material.

, In using pressed cracklings, I prepare them for below 130 deg. F. I

While I prefer to use the cracklings after they have been pressed as the material to be extracted, by modification of my process! can use the unpressed cracklings as a raw material. However, special precautions pressed cracklings are used and'the process modifled accordingly. Due to the high oil content, the unpressed cracklings, if comm-muted, will form an. oily mass through which it is extremely dimcult to distribute it is difiicult'toremove the solution. Therefore, when the unpressed cracklings are used as a raw material, they should be first subjected to the preliminary "extraction treatment in the form that they are discharged from the dry rendering process, prior to their comminution.

This extraction the' unpressed 'cracklings to the solvent action such as liquid propane and liquid butane. This treatment is preferably at a temperature below 130 deg. F. Such treatment will remove approximately half 01' the original oil content of the unpressed crackfings. 'After this preliminary extraction the 'crackiings are then comminuted and extracted in the manner described above in con-- the um is nection with pressed crackllngs.

After the extraction is completed, entirely freed from solvent, which can easily be accomplished when whi h are normally gases under 'ordinary'condh and pressure. as solvent; The-meal thus obtained will'ccntain less .than 2% .of oily or fatty material if the extrac tion has been properly conducted.

meal ririll be used as the raw solvent medium. I prefer that the extraction be conducted at a temperature must 'be taken when the unthe liquid solvent or from which treatment comprises subjecting of low boiling hydrocarbons in the liquid phase,

low boiling be light colored', being somewhat in color with a slight pinkish. Itwill we. .-nitrogen' content which in 5 head of 13%'%. 9I t will-therefore excelproper grinding. However, due to its light color it might not be accepted by the trade in this form, as the materials now being marketed for this purpose are dark in color. However, I have found of pairs of rolls, the first pair oi rollers in the trainhaving a serrated circumference on a cross section. The notches and teeth of onejroll of a pair interlock with the notches and teeth of that I can easily modify the color of the meal.

by a simple further treatment and, at the'same time, prepare it so that it is suitable for other purposes or, in the treatment, I can separate it into components, one of which is a substantially ash and fat free, nitrogenous substance having a nitrogen content in excess of 14%.

Thus if I treat the meal'with water at a tem-.

perature below the atmospheric boiling point, a slurry is obtained which if dried and ground has an appearance very similar to that of the chicken feed, which is usually produced from the pressed cracklings, but my product will have a higher protein content than would be the case had the chicken feed been produced from the same pressed a content in excess of 12% by my treatment, this increase in nitrogen content being due to the removal of fat.

If the slurry is dried in molds, after drying,

it will remain as a hard, cohesive solid of substantially the same shape as the mold in which the slurry is dried, if these molds are of. proper shape, the resulting solid material will be an excellent food for dogs.

As an alternate modification, the slurry may be allowed to settle and the supernatent solution withdrawn and filtered. This solution is of a gelatinous character and the filtering stepis best conductedat a controlled hydrogen iron concentration. The filtered solution thus obtained will be a substantially pure solution of nitrogenous organic compound and when properly dried will have a nitrogen content of approximately 15%, on an as is basis and of about 17% on a moisture free basis. The quality of this compound depends to an appreciable extent upon the heat treatment given the cracklings in the dry rendering process. If this has been carefully controlled, a type of gelatin will resu from drying of the water solution.

The settlings from the slurry may be sepa rately dried in the same manner as described in the preceding paragraphs and the dried material may either be'ground and used as chicken feed or if dried in molds it may be used asidog food in the same mann as if the solution had not been separately with awn fromthe slurry.

The products so obtained from the settlings will be similar to the products obtained from the whole slurry but will have a lower nitrogen content and a higher ash content. The solution 1 and 'which would produce a its mating roll which performs a crimping and crushing action; on the material passing through the roll. The last pair of rolls is not equipped with teeth but has 'roughenedsurfaces, with the two rolls of a pair operating at different peripheral speeds. This latter pair clutches the crimped material and tears apart the cells while still leaving the material in the form of flakes.

In carrying on my process I prefer to use the extractor specified and claimed in my copending application entitled Oil treating process, Serial 738,399, of which this application is a continuation in part, where the extraction is to be conducted in a continuous manner. Where the extraction is to be conducted in batches, I prefer to use the extractor specified and claimed in my copending application entitled Oil extraction, Serial 738,400, of which this application is a continuation in part. Where the oil is recovered in fractional parts of' dillerent melting points, I prefer that the method used be that specified and claimed in my copending application entitled Separation of oils, Serial 738,401, of which .this application is a continuation. The

above named applications were each. filed August 4, 1934, coincidentally with application'SerialNo. 738,403 of which this application is a continuation in part as. mentioned a ve. However, I do not limit this invention to the particular form disclosed in the above mentioned applications, nor do I limit it to any particular form of appa ratus. v I

In my copending application, Serial 738,402, for Method and products of cottonseed oil extraction and filed August 4, 1934, coincidentally with'my application Serial 738,403 for "Method and Product of extracting animal oils, I describe an extraction similar to the above, using low-boiling hydrocarbons in the liquid phase for the extraction of cottonseed oil-from cottonseed,

withdrawn from the settled slurry, after drying at a temperature of about 220 deg. will be similar to dried g'lu'e' orgelatin and will have a weight between 15% and 25% of the'meal from which it is produced.

If water is not added but the extracted crack-- lings are heated to a temperature in exces'sof 240 deg. F. they will be perceptibly darkened.

together'with the-removal of solvent from the meal at temperatures below 130 deg. F. in the absence of air, and with the production of a light colored cottonseed meal in which theproteins are n'eitherconverted by'the action of heat -nor are they oxidized by heating in the presence of air or oxygen.

.The principal object. of my invention is to procure from organic materials comprising fatty oils and proteins and having a low use value, other materials. having a higher-use value, and to do this in an e'flicientand inexpensive manner. Other objects of my invention are apparent from this-specification.

The operation of my invention may best be described withreference'to the following drawings which form a part of this specification. In these-drawings Figure 1 is a diagrammatic embodiment of my. invention using continuous extraction.

' Figure 2 is-a. modificationoi Figure 1 adapted to ,use material similar to unpressed cracklings.

Q-JpfFigure 3.

Figure 3 is an elevation of meansior preparing meats so that they may be readilyextracted- Figure 4 is a sectional elevation on theline Figure 5 is an "enlarged portion of the con tinuous' extractor illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

the cylinder 2 of the extractor 3, through the control valve 8. The cracklings enter the extractor through the sealed inlet compartment 4 and the screw conveyor 5 from'which they are delivered to the cylinder 2 where they pass in a counter-current direction to the solution. In this cylinder, the cracklings are contacted with the solvent, and after the oily-fraction has been extracted, the solid material passes out of the cylinder 2 into the heated conveyor 8. Before discharging meal fromthe cylinder 2, it

I should be emciently drainedbeiore its delivery to the heated conveyor 0 in which the solvent remaining in the meal is substantially completely vaporized before the meal is delivered to the sealed outlet compartment 9.

in any suitable manner (not shown in the diagram) witha production of a substantially oil free and ash free nitrogenous organic substance. Except for such water as may remain in this product, after drying, the product will be composed almost entirely of organic nitrogen compounds. manner described and having of about 12 /2 showed nitrogen content 01' about Solution in the cylinder 2 is withdrawn through the valve ll to the equalizing tank II from which it passes through the pipe l2 into the oil recovery system illustrated in the figure by the block it.

Here the solvent is removed from the solution 'and' the oil recovered in usable form, as more fully described -in my copending applications. The solvent also is recovered after separation from the solution, and returned as a liquid to the solvent storage tank I throughthe valve 31..

The temperature in solvent tank I may be controlled at any predetermined value below that of the atmosphere by opening valve 38 and allowing solvent vapors to pass into the suction of the exhauster, illustrated by the rectangle 2i.

, Now returning to oil has been extracted and which isdelivered from the cylinder 2 to the heated conveyor 8,

this material is picked up by the conveyor which is encased in the steam jacket l8. Steam is" admitted to the space between the Jacket casing and the conveyor through the valve l1, and the condensate is removed through the trap I9. Thevalvev I! may be of the thermostatic type operatedby the temperature of the .meal discharged from the conveyor 8 into thevalve I of the discharge lock 9 The valve I! may be set to-hold the temperature ofthe discharged meal somewhat above the temperature corresponding to the vapor pressure of the solvent at the pressure maintained within the extraction cylinder 2. This temperature-under usual conditions will be about 130 deg. F., and will insure that all of the solvent associated with the meal delivered to the conveyor 8, will be evaporated when the meal is solid material from which the Bi /2% indicating a protein content in excess of 92% on a dry basis, even it the proteins are figured at the low ratio of 5.55 to 1 which is the ratio commonly used for figuring gelatin from nitrogen content, The slurry remaining after withdrawing the solution through the valve 55 may be again treated with water in a similar mannerand an additional amount of'solution may be removed in the same manner. This process may be repeated as desired. After the mate-' rials have been thus treated in the digester 49 the remaining slurry may be discharged through the valve 5| and treated in the same manner 'as when no solution was withdrawn from the digester 49. In this case the material discharged from the crusher 54 will be similar to the chicken feed usually prepared from the pressed cracklings.

-The protein content of the materials so prepared may be more or. less than the protein content of a feed prepared directly from'the cracklings without the treatment given them in my process.

Where solution ,iswithdrawn from the digester 49 in the'mannerabove described the protein content of the material delivered from the crusher 54 will be dependent upon the amount and strength of solution separately withdrawn from the digester.

Whether solution is withdrawn from'the digester or the slurry is removed from the digester without first having removed the solution, the

material withdrawn through valve 5| may be molded in proper shape and the dryer used may be of'a form which will retain the materials in the mold during the drying process. In this case discharged from the conveyor. The'meal is'discharged from the extractor I, through the discharge lock I with its valves 1 and 20.

This material is discharged to the hopper 48 from which it is delivered to the digester 49, of

suitable form. Hot water is delivered to the digester through the valve l0 and the mixture of meal and water is thoroughly digested in any suitable manner, The whole slurry obtained in the digester 4| may be delivered through the valve ii and the chute]! to the dryer 53 wherein the moisture is removed. The dried material is valve It. This liquid may be filtered and dried lin gs, Thistreatment will effectively remove the the materials leaving the dryer are not delivered to the crusher but may be disposed of in the molded form as a high protein content dog food.

I Now referring to Figure '2, which is a modification of Figure 1, whereby unpressed cracklings maybe conveniently used in my process. .In this figure unpressed cracklings as delivered from the dry rendering plant are delivered-to the inlet compartment 4 of the extractor 3 from which theyv are passed through the cylinder 2 and treated in the same manner as hereinbefore described in connection with the unpressed cracksuperflcial oil content of the cracklings which after the treatment will have a somewhat lower quantity of oil associated with them than do the cracklings after treatment in a cage press. They, therefore, f ay be crimped and rolled after this preliminary extraction without producing a mass that would be impervious within the extractor.

itproperly prepared within the crusher, will be After-being removed from the'cylinder -2 the 1 cr'acklings are not drained as shown in Figure 1 instead pass crimping and .QW h-iK-j olls within the sealed compartm t Them .they are-treated in-the same manner as was defscribed forthe pressed crackling'sfand are delivere'dto the extractor cylinder Iawherethey' 'aretreated' bysolvent from the tank I and-are delivered'to the heated conveyor 8. The solution from cylinder 2 and from cylinder 2a may be mixed and delivered to'tank ll; The treatment of the cracklings after reaching cylinder 2a may v A sample of material produced-in'the a moisture content .the motor 12.

roller 86b meshes with the gear 13 of similar be'exactly the same as the treatment hereinbefore describedfor unpressed cracklings.

Now refer to Figures 3 and 4. These figures show preferred embodiment of means for comminuting the cracklings. As previously described,

" with pressed cracklings, the comminuting step should precede the charging of the cracklings to the extractor and in this case the roller device shown in Figures 3 and 4 would be placed to discharge into the inlet compartment 4. Where unpressed cracklings are used, the roller device shown in. Figures 3 and 4will be placed within be approximately inch in height in order that they may easily handle the largest pieces of bone that may be associated with the cracklings. The roller 66b is mounted in the fixed\bearings 68 and 69 which is driven by the gear 10 which in turn is driven by the pinion ll connected with The gear 10 on theshaft of the size which drives the roller 66a. The roller 66a is mounted in a pair of bearings 14 (shown in Figure 3), which bearings, are supported by the springs I which permit the movement of the roller 66a relative to the roller 66b. The roller 66a rotates clockwise and the roller 66b counterclockwise as shown in Figure 3 and in delivering the cracklings from the hopper 65 to a similar pair of rollers immediately below, exerts upon the larger pieces of material in the cracklings, a cutting and crimping action. Rollers 66a and 66b are so set relatively to each other-that only the largest are acted upon in passing through the rollers, the smaller pieces passing through freely.

Immediately below rollers 65a and 66b are a similar set of rollers driven by the gears 16 and 11. These rollers 18a and 181) are of similar construction to the rollers 66a and 66?) except that the'teeth should be only about A; of an inch in height and the rollers should be set closer to each other than are rollers 66a and 66b. Roller 18b is driven by the gear "which receives its power from the motor pinion 'Il. Gear 11 also drives the gear 16, of the same diametenjwhich operates the roller 18a.

Immediately below the pair of rollers 18a and 18b is a similar pair of rollers'laa and 19b in which the teeth are preferably about A; inch in height and where the rollers are set closer to each other than are either the pairiia; and 86b orthe'pairlfla and 18b. These rollers are driven Y bythe gears 88 and 85 which are preferably of milling about 6 inch deep. Without this milling on at least one of these crushing rolls, the crimped cracklings will not be fed through the rollers if they are set together close enough to exert proper crushing action. The scrapers 81 and 88, with their edge set in close proximity to either roll, scrape from the rolls any material that may adhere thereto. Little of the material will tend to adhere to the smaller roll 83b, but a considerable amount will tend .to adhere to the larger roll 83a. The scraper 88 may therefore be omitted, but the scraper 81 is essential for proper operation.

Figure 5 is an enlargement of the portion of the extractor shown in Figures 1 and 2. Solid material entering through the jacketed conveyor 5 is discharged upon the vane 88 which delivers it to the rotating cylinder 90 where it comes in contact with a solution delivered to the cylinder through the bottom of the cylinder 88 and disi charged into the compartment 92 from which it is withdrawn through the valve 6. The cracklings move forward in the rotating cylinder 88 and are discharged to the vane 93 which delivers them to the rotating cylinder 94. Here they meet a less concentrated solution admitted through the spray head 95 and are further extracted. The solution is withdrawn from the bottom of the cylinder 94 and is delivered to the trough 86 and the spray head 9i. In this way the solution and the cracklings pass through the extractor coun- As many rotating Y the particular form shown.

similar diameter. The gear 85 is driven through pinion 88 by the'gear 80, and gear 84 is driven by.

- meshing with the gear 85. The rollers 83a and aa roughened surface such as thelongitudinal' Having described my invention so that it may 'be readily understood by one skilled in the art,

I claim:

1. A process for preparing a food from oleaginous, partially dehydrated, comminuted animal scraps which comprises;- removing therefrom substantially 'all' of their oil content by means ,of a hydrocarbon solvent gaseo'usat ordinary temperature and pressure; then removing 'substantialiy all of the solvent retained with the extracted scraps; then treating; the solvent-free,

' extracted, scraps with water 'todissolve a-substantial portion of said scraps; then drying the water-treated material, retaining atleast a porf 7 tion of the water protein solution whereby there is produced a product in which the water sdlublef material acts as a binder in the resultant product."

2. The method of preparing a food from oleaginous, protein-base, organic material which comprises; removing therefrom substantially all ,of

the oil content by means of a hyrocarbon solvent, gaseous at ordinary temperature and pressifrey then removing substantially all the solvent 'retained with the protein-base material; then treating the substantially oil-'free'and solvent free, extracted, protein-base'material with water to dissolve a substantial portion of the protein;

perature and pressure; then removing substan- 10 tiaily all of the solvent retained with the extracted cracklings; then treating the oil-free and.-

solvent-iree, extracted crackling: with water to dissolve a substantial portion or said cracklings;

then drying the water-treated material, retaining at least a'portion oi. the water protein solution,

whereby there is produced a product in which the water soluble material acts as a binder in the resultant product. I

HENRY ROSEHTHAL. 

